The former player: 'I really hoped to carry on my rugby career'
Important note: This article includes details of discriminatory language and conduct
FormerEngland centre Luther Burrell claims that going public to expose racial discrimination in professional rugby led his career to an premature end.
In a June 2022, Burrell characterized racism as being "widespread" in the game, showing digital communications and remembering training ground "jokes" he had been exposed to while representing Newcastle.
At that time 34 and without a team, Burrell's only elite playing since has been three appearances with invitational side the Barbarians.
"I have definitely had to retire because of what occurred," he explained to media outlets.
"I wanted to carry on competing, naturally I did. I pursued that, and it collapsed when news emerged that there were inquiries underway.
"This situation was challenging - I had to just accept the fate and understand that this whole situation is a lot bigger than me."
A sports organization investigation in April 2023 found Burrell's claims were accurate "likely correct", but said it could not gather enough proof to definitively say they occurred at Newcastle.
Luther Burrell started all of England's Six Nations games in 2014 and 2015, but was surprisingly excluded for their team for the 2015 tournament
Burrell told journalists he also encountered discrimination within the England set-up, during a international career that saw him win 15 caps after his first game in February 2014.
"I've had multiple distressing experiences within England camp," he said.
"Certain instances of discrimination and some just old-school mentality that's really unacceptable."
Racism had become normalised in team environments, in Burrell's view.
"It's something that has been dressed up as banter and that's been the issue that I've myself experienced and witnessed," said Burrell, who is of Jamaican heritage.
"During a period of time you just learn to think that it's the norm and that is fine and that it's not malicious, but that's nonsense."
Burrell says he was finally spurred to go public after a team-mate at Newcastle called him as a "enslaved person" and told him to put sunscreen on his wrists and ankles "where chains would be placed."
The rugby authority said Burrell's revelations had led to "a deeper look at the environment within the professional level and to the introduction of an action plan for the professional game."
"The organization has given significant focus on diversity and inclusion in rugby union and a substantial amount of work undertaken both before and after Luther Burrell spoke publicly and shared his experiences of racism and classism," it added.
"The organization are continuing work with teams and stakeholders in the professional game to strive for a culture of acceptance but acknowledge this takes time and is an continuous effort."
All Premiership and PWR club now has face-to-face education on creating welcoming cultures, with its effectiveness tracked via individual reports and surveys.
All England players, including age-grade squads, are educated in being "active bystanders" to step in and protect others from harmful conduct.
"You should be so proud of what you have accomplished," Burrell's mother Joyce said to him as part of the documentary Luther Burrell - Rugby, Racism and Redemption.
"We know it has had this effect on you and ended your playing days, but in our view, you have done so much. We are so proud of you and to have you as a son."
Burrell's father Geoff passed away shortly after the filming of the film, and his sibling died recently.
Burrell, who grew up on a social housing in his hometown, continues his work to make the game more open.
His 12 Foundation aims to connect with children in under-served communities and help them thrive both on the pitch with free sports training, mentoring and dietary education.
"My personal motivations are genuine, I want to see the evolution of the sport and if others is prepared to share their experience then I'll persist to advocate for that fight because I'm not just doing this for my own benefit," he said.
"We have an obligation to make the game as excellent as it can be and the more I talk about it hopefully the more comfortable fellow players will become about sharing their own experiences as well.
"I need to take the challenge by the opportunity and keep bearing this flag and continue carrying this weight and do what I can to create possibilities and make the sport more appealing and more inclusive.
"There's a lot of underprivileged young people and a lot of economic hardship and I honestly think that rugby has the potential to change their lives, just as it did for me."
Burrell scored for the Barbarians on a comeback to former club Northampton in November 2022